Multi-channel laser system including optical assembly with etched optical signal channels and related methods

ABSTRACT

A system may include a laser source, an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) coupled to the laser source, an atom trap, and an optical body coupled between the AOM and the atom trap and having a plurality of spaced apart optical signal channels etched therein. At least one piezoelectric transducer may be coupled to each of the optical signal channels, and a beam polarization controller may be coupled to the piezoelectric transducers.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 16/133,907 filed Sep. 18, 2018, which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to the field of optical devices, and, more particularly, to acousto-optic modulators for lasers and related methods.

BACKGROUND

Acousto-optic modulators, sometimes referred to as Bragg cells, diffract and shift light using sound waves at radio frequency. These devices are often used for Q-switching, signal modulation in telecommunications systems, laser scanning and beam intensity control, frequency shifting, and wavelength filtering in spectroscopy systems. Many other applications lend themselves to using acousto-optic devices.

In such acousto-optic devices, a piezoelectric transducer, sometimes also referred to as an RF transducer, is secured to an acousto-optic bulk medium as a transparent optical material, for example, fused silica, quartz or similar glass material. An electric RF signal oscillates and drives the transducer to vibrate and create sound waves within the transparent medium which effect the properties of an optical field in the medium via the photo elastic effect, in which a modulating strain field of an ultrasonic wave is coupled to an index of refraction for the acousto-optic bulk medium. As a result, the refractive index change in amplitude is proportional to that of sound.

The index of refraction is changed by moving periodic planes of expansion and compression in the acousto-optic bulk material. Incoming light scatters because of the resulting periodic index modulation and interference, similar to Bragg diffraction.

Acousto-optic modulators are preferred in many applications because they are faster than tiltable mirrors and other mechanical devices. The time it takes for the acousto-optic modulator to shift an exiting optical beam is limited to the transit time of the sound wave. The acousto-optic modulators are often used in Q-switches where a laser produces a pulsed output beam at high peak power, typically in the Kilowatt range. This output could be higher than lasers operating a continuous wave (CW) or constant output mode.

Examples of acousto-optic modulator devices and similar acousto-optic systems are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,256,362; 5,923,460; 6,320,989; 6,487,324; 6,538,690; 6,765,709; and 6,870,658, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Some applications using acousto-optic devices modulate the intensity of an optical beam. This modulation may create small deviations in the output angle of the diffracted beam because of the local thermal transients introduced when the RF modulation waveform to the device is turned ON and OFF. These thermal transients may negatively impact the resolution and location of the focused spot, which may be produced. One advantageous approach which may be used to help enhance the resolution of acousto-optic devices is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 7,538,929 to Wasilousky, which is assigned to the present Applicant and is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Wasilousky discloses an acousto-optic modulator which includes an acousto-optic bulk medium and transducer attached to the acousto-optic bulk medium and formed as a linear array of electrodes. A transducer driver is connected to each electrode and is coherently phase driven to alter the angular momentum distribution of an acoustic field and alternately allow and inhibit phase matching between the optical and acoustic field and produce a desired intensity modulation of an optical wavefront.

Despite the existence of such configurations, further advancements in laser systems using acousto-optic modulators may be desirable in certain applications.

SUMMARY

A system may include a laser source, an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) coupled to the laser source, an atom trap, and an optical body coupled between the AOM and the atom trap and having a plurality of spaced apart optical signal channels etched therein. At least one piezoelectric transducer may be coupled to each of the optical signal channels, and a beam polarization controller may be coupled to the piezoelectric transducers.

In one example embodiment, the optical signal channels may be buried within the optical medium. Furthermore, the optical body may comprise at least one of fused silica and quartz, for example.

In an example implementation, the AOM may include a first beamsplitter to split a first laser light beam from the laser source into a plurality of second laser light beams for the atom trap, a common acousto-optic medium configured to receive the plurality of second laser light beams, and a respective plurality of electrodes coupled to the common acousto-optic medium for each of the second laser light beams. The system may further include a plurality of radio frequency (RF) drivers each configured to generate respective RF drive signals for each of the plurality of electrodes. Moreover, the second laser light beams may be directed to a first side of the atom trap, and the system may further include an intermediate beam splitter between the laser source and the multi-channel AOM configured to split a third laser light beam from the first laser light beam directed to a second side of the atom trap.

Furthermore, in one example embodiment the system may also include a backing block in contact with the optical body on a side thereof opposite the at least one piezoelectric transducer. By way of example, the backing block may comprise at least one of SiC and AlN. In one example implementation, the system defines a quantum computer.

A related method may include coupling an AOM to a laser source, and coupling an optical body between the AOM and an atom trap, with the optical body having a plurality of spaced apart optical signal channels etched therein. The method may further include coupling at least one piezoelectric transducer to each of the optical signal channels, and coupling a beam polarization controller to the piezoelectric transducers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a laser system including a multi-channel acousto-optic modulator (AOM) in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a laser system for use with an ion trap including a multi-channel AOM in accordance with an example embodiment.

FIGS. 3 and 4 are schematic circuit diagrams illustrating different electrode connection configurations and associated driving signals therefor which may be used with the systems of FIGS. 1-2.

FIGS. 5-6 are flow diagrams illustrating method aspects associated with the systems of FIGS. 1-2, respectively.

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of another example embodiment of the laser system of FIG. 1 including a beam stabilizer.

FIGS. 8-10 are schematic block diagrams of example embodiments of the laser system of FIG. 2 including beam stabilizers.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating method aspects associated with the laser system of FIG. 7.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating method aspects associated with the laser systems of FIGS. 8-9.

FIG. 13 is a flow diagram illustrating method aspects associated with the laser system of FIGS. 10.

FIG. 14 is a schematic block diagram of a laser system for use with an atom trap including a multi-channel AOM in accordance with another example embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the laser system of FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating method aspects associated with the systems of FIGS. 14-15.

FIG. 17 is a schematic block diagram of another example embodiment of a laser system providing beam polarization switching.

FIGS. 18 and 19 are schematic block diagrams of an example piezoelectric transducer configuration for the system of FIG. 17 incorporating a backing block.

FIG. 20 is a schematic block diagram of another example piezoelectric transducer configuration for the system of FIG. 17 incorporating a pair of piezoelectric transducers.

FIG. 21 is a perspective diagram illustrating an example implementation of the system of FIG. 17 including a respective optical mediums and piezoelectric transducers for each of a plurality of AOM output beams.

FIG. 22 is a side view of an optical assembly which may be used with the laser system of FIG. 17 in an example embodiment.

FIG. 23 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for making a laser system including the optical assembly of FIG. 22.

FIG. 24 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a Femtosecond Laser Irradiation and Chemical Etching (FLICE) process for making the optical body of the optical assembly of FIG. 22.

FIG. 25 is a microscopic view of an optical body with optical signal channels therein defined using the FLICE process of FIG. 24.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The present description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments are shown. However, many different embodiments may be used, and thus the description should not be construed as limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout, and prime notation and multiple prime notation are used to indicate similar elements in different embodiments.

By way of background, excessive noise levels from laser sources in optical illumination systems generate instabilities and errors. In particular, systems that manipulate the quantum states of particles, atoms and electrons, typically require extreme stability. Beam pointing errors correlate to noise in quantum state manipulation systems. Moreover, beam pointing stability due to thermal transients in the bulk material of active acousto-optic devices in an optical illumination system affect many applications, but especially those designed for quantum state illumination.

Turning initially to FIG. 1 and the flow diagram 70 of FIG. 5, a laser system 130 which provides multi-channel operation and associated method aspects are now described. By way of background, typical multi-channel acousto-optic (AO) devices suffer from excessive beam pointing errors due to data dependent thermal transients generated in the ultrasonic transducer and bulk optical substrate material. Moreover, beam pointing errors correlate to noise in quantum state manipulation systems. In addition, inter-channel acoustic crosstalk is a major source of data dependent variation in the modulated optical beam intensity.

Current passive approaches may minimize the magnitude of beam deflection due to thermal transients generated when channel data is switched on and off (i.e., no auxiliary heating electrodes). This reduces the magnitude of the time average thermal gradients produced by the aggregate array during normal operation, leading to reductions in polarization corruption and gross beam offset. In addition, it does not address beam intensity fluctuations produced by inter-channel acoustic strain field interaction.

Beginning at Block 71, the multi-channel system 130 illustratively includes a laser source 131 which generates a first laser light beam 141, at Block 72. The laser source 131 may be similar to the laser source 31 described above. A diffractive/refractive beam splitter 142 divides the first laser light beam 141 into a plurality of second laser light beams 143, at Block 73, which in the illustrated example is four, although other numbers of beams (e.g., 8, 32, etc.) may be used depending upon the given application. The second laser light beams 143 are received by a common phase modulation acousto-optic medium 133 of a multi-channel AOM 132. That is, the acousto-optic medium 133 is common to all of the second laser light beams, i.e., the same acousto-optic medium is used to modulate each of the second laser light beams. The acousto-optic medium 133 may be similar to those described above. However, it should be noted that the phase-capable multi-channel AOM 132 need not be used, and that an amplitude modulation AOM may instead by used, for example.

The AOM 132 further includes multiple transducers, each comprising respective electrodes 134, for each of the second laser light beams 143 coupled to the common acousto-optic medium 133. The laser system 130 further illustratively includes a plurality of RF drivers 136 each configured to generate the requisite RF drive signals for their respective phased array transducer electrodes 134, at Block 74, which illustratively concludes the method of FIG. 7 (Block 75).

Referring additionally to FIGS. 3 and 4, each RF driver 136 may be configured to drive alternating electrodes of the respective array of transducer electrodes 134 with different phases. More particularly, two example configurations for driving alternating electrodes 40 of the array of transducer electrodes 34 with different phases are now described. In the first configuration (FIG. 3), the first and third driving signals (shown on the right hand side of FIG. 3) provided to corresponding odd numbered electrodes are 180° out of phase with the second and fourth driving signals provided to corresponding even numbered electrodes. In the second configuration (FIG. 4), first and second drive signals are respectively connected to odd and even electrodes in an interdigitated fashion as shown, and as before these drive signals are 180° out of phase to one another. In this way, directly adjacent electrodes are driven at opposite phases to one another. However, it should be noted that the RF drive signals need not always be 180° out of phase, i.e., they may be somewhere between 0° and 180° to vary the level of phase matching occurring in the AO diffraction process.

Such a bi-phase configuration helps to eliminate beam deflection due to thermal transients generated when channel data is switched on and off, i.e., by using phase modulation only. More particularly, a bi-phase approach maintains the RF Signal “ON” and only flips the phase of the drive signal to alternating elements, as opposed to a conventional amplitude modulation approach in which optical modulation is achieved by turning the RF signal “ON” and “OFF”.

The present approach may accordingly reduce time average thermal gradients produced by the aggregate array during normal operation since the RF power level is essentially constant or stationary, which helps to minimize polarization corruption and gross beam offset. This further helps to reduce beam intensity fluctuations produced by inter-channel acoustic crosstalk by minimizing changes in the adjacent channel strain field due to changes in local channel data.

By way of example, the transducer electrodes 134 may be implemented as metallizations on the piezoelectric AO medium 133, which are spaced apart 500 μm or less at their centers, and more particularly 450 μm or less. However, other dimensions may be used in different embodiments.

Accordingly, employing a phase modulation capable acousto-optic modulator or transducer structure in a multi-channel device configuration provides significant advantages. More particularly, phase modulation used with pulse code (ON/OFF) modulation provides inherently better pointing stability, since the RF power applied to the device remains substantially constant at all times, even during data input bit transitions. Moreover, the effects of inter-channel acoustic crosstalk are reduced since the integrated optical effect resulting from changes in the localized strain field due to adjacent transducer operation are reduced. This technique may be particularly appropriate when reduced “ON/OFF” contrast is acceptable, e.g., mask generation involving photoresist. However, in addition to a photoresist layer of a semiconductor device, other optical targets 138 may also be used with the system 130, such as an ion trap(s), micromachining workpiece, etc.

Turning now to FIG. 2 and the flow diagram 80 of FIG. 6, a multi-channel laser system 230 which may incorporate the multi-channel AOM 132 described above, or alternately an array of conventional transducers, for quantum state applications is now described. By way of background, quantum state manipulation illumination systems control both the optical amplitude and phase in an interferometric application. However, this requires significant improvements in crosstalk and beam pointing stability.

Beginning at Block 81, the system 230 illustratively includes a laser source 231, such as those described above, which is configured to generate a laser light beam (Block 82). The output of the laser source 231 may optionally be provided to a single channel amplitude leveling AOM 251, which helps reduce noise from the laser source. The output of the AOM 251 is split into a first front side laser light beam 252 and a back side laser light beam 253 for a back side of an ion trap 238 by a beamsplitter 260, at Block 83. The front side laser light beam 252 passes through an input telescope 245 to the multi-channel AOM 132, at Block 84. As noted above, the AOM 132 includes the diffractive/refractive beamsplitter 142 or diffractive optical element (DOE) to split the front side laser light beam 252 into a plurality of front side laser light beams 246, at Block 85. In the illustrated example, four such beams are shown, but in other embodiments different numbers of beams may be used, as noted above. Additional beam forming optics between the beamsplitter 142 and the common AO medium 133 are incorporated to allow telecentric beam positioning and adjustment of individual beam waist dimensions along the centerline and midpoint of each transducer.

The modulated front side laser light beams 254 output by the AOM 132 are passed through an output telescope 247 and directed to the front side of an ion trap 238, at Block 86. The back side laser light beam 253 is directed to a first turning mirror 255, and then through first and second focusing optics 256, 257 (although different numbers of optical focusing stages may be used in different embodiments) to a single channel AOM 258. The output of the single channel AOM 258 is directed by turning mirrors 259 and 260 to the back side of the ion trap 238 in the example implementation. Furthermore, respective RF drive signals are generated for the phased array transducer electrodes 134 using the plurality of RF drivers 136, at Block 87, as similarly described above, or using simplified drive signals when conventional transducers are employed. The method of FIG. 6 illustratively concludes at Block 88.

In accordance with one example implementation, an integrated multi-channel AOM assembly 132 may be provided including a high efficiency DOE or beamsplitter 142, a set of telecentric beam forming optics, a thermally compensated N channel AOM including the common AO medium 133 and in one embodiment transducers employing an array of phased electrodes 134, and in certain applications, a counter propagating illumination beam. As noted above, the input beam may be split into N separate optical beams, each of which may be independently modulated in phase and amplitude, with a frequency shift on the first order diffracted beam equal to the acoustic frequency. The resultant individual beam pointing stability is not only suitable for precision photolithography tools, but also addressing applications such as illuminating atoms in an ion trap architecture quantum computer, micro-machining and 3D printing, for example.

A highly engineered integrated module approach may be used to achieve the highly uniform, stable, low cross-talk multi-channel beam illumination system needed for high precision manipulation of quantum states of individual atoms. This integrated module approach may be used at various interaction wavelengths. It should be noted that the noise diverting approach using the first order beam as a noise dump described above with respect to FIG. 1 may also be employed in the systems 130 and 230 in some embodiments, if desired.

In one or more of the foregoing embodiments, separate active heating elements may be included to help improve performance, if desired. One such configuration is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,765,709 to Montgomery et al., which is assigned to the present Assignee and is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Furthermore, additional techniques may also be employed for noise reduction in some embodiments, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,958,710 and 9,958,711, both of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.

Turning now to FIG. 7, another example implementation of the laser system 130 illustratively includes a beam stabilizer 150 to help address “wandering” of the laser light beam from the laser source 131. In the present example, the beam stabilizer 150 is configured to correct an angular displacement and a positional displacement of the laser light beam 141 from the laser source 131 (although both positional and angular displacement need not be corrected in all embodiments). More particularly, the beam stabilizer 150 illustratively includes a position mirror 151 optically aligned with the laser light beam 141 from the laser source 131, a servo motor 152 a configured to move the position mirror, an angle mirror 153 optically aligned with the position mirror to redirect the laser light beam therefrom to the multi-channel AOM 132, and a servo motor 152 b configured to move the angle mirror.

Furthermore, a beamsplitter 154 is positioned in the optical path between the angle mirror 153 and the multi-channel AOM 132 downstream from the angle mirror and configured to split a sampled laser light beam 155 from the original laser light beam 141 from the laser source 131, and direct this sampled laser light beam to an angle sensor 157. Furthermore, in the illustrated example another beamsplitter 156 is positioned in the optical path of the sampled laser light beam 155 between the beamsplitter 154 and the angle sensor 157 to split off another sampled laser light beam 158 which is directed through a lens 159 to image the angle mirror 153 to a position sensor 180. The angle sensor 157 is configured to measure an angular displacement of the laser light beam 141 from the laser source 131, and the position sensor 180 is configured to measure a positional displacement of the laser light beam from the laser source. These measurements are provided to a servo controller 181, which in turn controls or actuates the servo motors 152 a, 152 b to correct the positional and angular displacements caused by drift or wandering of the laser light beam at the laser source 131.

Turning now to FIG. 8, in accordance with another example embodiment the beam stabilizer 150 may also be incorporated in the laser system 230. In this configuration, the position mirror 151 is optically aligned with the laser light beam from the laser source 131, the servo motor 152 a is configured to move the position mirror, the angle mirror 153 is optically aligned with the position mirror to redirect the laser light beam therefrom to the single channel AOM 251, and the servo motor 152 b is configured to move the angle mirror.

Furthermore, the beamsplitter 154 is positioned in the optical path between the angle mirror 153 and the single channel AOM 251 downstream from the angle mirror and is configured to split the sampled laser light beam 155 from the original laser light beam 141 from the laser source 131, and direct this sampled laser light beam to the angle sensor 157. Furthermore, the beamsplitter 156 is positioned in the optical path of the sampled laser light beam 155 between the beamsplitter 154 and the angle sensor 157 to split off another sampled laser light beam 158 which is directed through the lens 159 to image the angle mirror 153 to the position sensor 180. The angle sensor 157 is configured to measure an angular displacement of the laser light beam from the laser source 131, and the position sensor 180 is configured to measure a positional displacement of the laser light beam from the laser source. These measurements are provided to the servo controller 181, which in turn controls or actuates the servo motors 152 a, 152 b to correct the positional and angular displacements caused by drift or wandering of the laser light beam 141 at the laser source 131.

Referring additionally to FIG. 9, still another example implementation of the laser system 230′ is now described in which portions of the beam stabilizer 150′ are positioned both upstream and downstream from the AOM 251′, rather than all upstream as in the system 230. In this example, the position mirror 151′ and angle mirror 153′ remain upstream from the AOM 251′, but the beamsplitters 154′, 156′, angle sensor 157′, and position sensor 180′ are downstream of the AOM, meaning they are splitting/measuring the beam exiting the AOM, as opposed to the laser light beam 141′ from the laser source 131′ as in the system 230. Nevertheless, the servo controller 181′ still causes the servo motors 152 a ′, 152 b ′ to adjust the position mirror 151′ and angle mirror 153′ to perform beam correction to the laser light beam 141′ exiting the laser source 131′ as noted above.

Turning now to FIG. 10, still another example implementation of the system 230″ with a beam stabilizer 150″ is now described. In this embodiment, the beam stabilizer 150″ is downstream from the AOM 251″, including the position mirror 151″ and the angle mirror 153″. As such, the mirrors 151″, 153″ are directing, and the beamsplitters 154″, 155″, angle sensor 157″, and position sensor 180″, are splitting/measuring, the beam exiting the AOM 251″. Moreover, the corrections performed by the servo motor(s) 152″ and position mirror 151″ are to the beam exiting the AOM 251″, not the laser light beam 141″ from the laser source 131″ as in the preceding two embodiments.

It should be noted that of the systems 130, 130′, 130″ may advantageously be used to correct positional and/or angular displacement, and the choice of which one to implement may depend on the particular application, space constraints, and other considerations that will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Moreover, various components of the laser system 230 shown in FIG. 2 are not reproduced in FIGS. 8-10 for clarity of illustration of the components of the beam stabilizers 150, 150′ and 150″, but it will be understood that they would be present in an actual implementation.

Related method aspects corresponding to the system 130 of FIG. 7 are now described with reference to the flow diagram 370 of FIG. 11. Beginning at Block 371, the method illustratively includes generating a first laser light beam 141 using a laser source 131, at Block 372, and stabilizing the first laser light beam using a beam stabilizer 150 downstream from the laser source, at Block 373. The method further illustratively includes splitting the stabilized first laser light 141 beam into a plurality of second laser light beams 143 using a beamsplitter 142 downstream from the beam stabilizer 150, at Block 374, and receiving the plurality of second laser light beams at a common acousto-optic medium 133, at Block 375. The method also illustratively includes generating respective RF drive signals for a plurality of phased array transducer electrodes 134 coupled to the common acousto-optic medium 133 for each of the second laser light beams 143 using a plurality of RF drivers 136, at Block 376, which illustratively concludes the method of FIG. 11 (Block 377).

Additional method aspects corresponding to the systems 230, 230′ of FIGS. 8 and 9 are now described with reference to the flow diagram 380 of FIG. 12. The method begins (Block 380) with generating a laser 141, 141′ light beam using a laser source 131, 131′, at Block 382, stabilizing the laser light beam using a beam stabilizer 150, 150′ downstream from the laser source, and splitting the laser light beam using a first beamsplitter 260, 260′ into a first front side laser light beam 252 and a back side laser light beam 253 for a back side of an ion trap 238 (see FIG. 2), at Block 384. The method further illustratively includes directing the front side laser light beam 252 to a second beamsplitter 142 using an input telescope 245, at Block 385, splitting the first front side laser light beam 252 using the second beamsplitter into a plurality of second front side laser light beams 246 from the second beamsplitter, at Block 386, and receiving the plurality of front side laser light beams at a common acousto-optic medium 133 (Block 387). Furthermore, the method also illustratively includes generating respective RF drive signals for each of a respective plurality of electrodes 134 coupled to the common acousto-optic medium for each of the second front side laser light beams 246 using a plurality of RF drivers 136, at Block 388, and directing the plurality of second front side laser light beams 254 output from the common acousto-optic medium 133 to a front side of the ion trap 238 using an output telescope 247, at Block 389, which illustratively concludes the method of FIG. 12 (Block 390).

Turning now to the flow diagram 400 of FIG. 13, method aspects relating to the system 230″ are now described. Beginning at Block 381, the method illustratively includes generating a laser light beam 141″ using a laser source 131″, at Block 402, modulating the laser light beam from the laser source using the single channel amplitude leveling AOM 251″ to provide an output light beam, at Block 403, and stabilizing the output light beam using a beam stabilizer 150″ downstream from the single channel AOM, at Block 404. The remaining steps illustrated at Blocks 406-411 are similar to those described above with reference to Blocks 385-390 of FIG. 12, and accordingly require no further discussion herein.

It should also be noted that in some embodiments of the system 130 a single channel amplitude leveling AOM 251 may also be incorporated between the laser source 131 and the multi-channel AOM 132, if desired. In such cases, the beam stabilizer 150 may be configured as shown in FIG. 8, 9, or 10, for example.

Referring to FIG. 14, another embodiment of the laser system 1230 is now described in which an atom trap 1238 may be an ion trap or a neutral atom trap, for example. This implementation accordingly allows for a variety of different quantum computing applications, for example. In the illustrated example, the elements 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1136, 1142, 1238, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261 are respectively similar to the elements 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 142, 238, 245, 246, 247, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261 from FIG. 2 and therefore require no further discussion herein.

In still another example embodiment now described with reference to FIG. 15, a similar laser system 1230′ allows for the atom trap 1238′ to be illuminated from different angles. In the illustrated example, the light beams 1246′ and 1253′ strike the atom trap 1238′ at 90° to one another (i.e., they strike adjacent, orthogonal sides of the atom trap 1238′). However, as noted above, in some embodiments they may strike opposite (e.g., front and back) sides of the atom trap 1238′, and in other embodiments may be directed at other angles to the atom trap, if desired.

Associated method aspects of the systems 1230, 1230′ are now described with reference to the flow diagram 1600 of FIG. 16. Beginning at Block 1601, the method illustratively includes generating a laser light beam using the laser source 1131, 1131′, at Block 1602), splitting the laser light beam into a first laser light beam 1252, 1252′ and a third laser light beam 1253, 1253′ for the atom trap 1238, 1238′ using a first beamsplitter 1260, 1260′ (Block 1603), and splitting the first laser light beam into a plurality of second laser light beams 1246, 1246′ for the atom trap using a second beamsplitter 1142, 1142′ (Block 1604). The method further illustratively includes receiving the plurality of second laser light beams 1246, 1246′ at a common acousto-optic medium 1254, 1254′ having a respective plurality of electrodes 1134, 1134′ coupled thereto for each of the second laser light beams, at Block 1605. The method also illustratively includes generating respective RF drive signals for each of the plurality of electrodes 1134, 1134′ using the plurality of RF drivers 1136, 1136′, at Block 1606, which illustratively concludes the method of FIG. 16 (Block 1607).

It should be noted that in some embodiments, the third laser light beam 1253, 1253′ (and associated beamsplitter 1260, 1260′, etc.) for a second side illumination need not be included. For example, this may be the case where purely optical state transitions are used in ions or atoms, versus the Raman state transitions used with the above-described implementations. In fact, neutral atoms tend to use an optical Rydberg state, for which a second side atom trap illumination would not be required.

Further beam stabilization aspects and techniques for laser systems are discussed in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2018/0203325 and 2018/0173027, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,915,851 9,958,711, and U.S. application Ser. No. 16/133,907 filed Sep. 18, 2018, which are assigned to the present Applicant and all hereby incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.

Turning now to FIG. 17, another embodiment of the system 530 may advantageously provide polarization switching of the optical beam(s) directed to an atom trap 539, such as for quantum computing configurations. In the illustrated example, a laser light beam from a laser source 531 is directed to an AOM 532. The laser source 531 may be similar to those described above. Moreover, the AOM 532 may be a single channel AOM in some embodiments, or a multi-channel AOM which provides a plurality of modulated laser light beams to the atom trap 539 as described above. As also noted above, the atom trap 539 may be an ion trap or a neutral atom trap depending on the given configuration.

The system 530 further illustratively includes one or more optical mediums, such as a bulk optical material or waveguide similar to the acousto-optic material used for the AOM 532, coupled between the AOM and the atom trap 539. Furthermore, one or more piezoelectric (PZE) transducers 536 may be coupled to the optical medium 535, and a beam polarization controller 537 is illustratively coupled to the piezoelectric transducer. The beam polarization controller 537 may selectively actuate the piezoelectric transducer 536 to provide polarization switching of the optical beams used to illuminate ions or neutral atoms in the atom trap 539 for the purpose of quantum state manipulation. In accordance with one example implementation, the optical polarization switching may be on the order of a one microsecond time scale to accomplish single and multi Qbit operations for quantum computing applications, although other switching times may be used for different implementations and applications.

The system 530 provides polarization switching based on the strain optic effect in the optical material of the medium 535, such as UV grade fused silica or UV grade crystalline quartz, for example. One example configuration is shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, where the piezoelectric transducer 536 is coupled to the optical medium 535 on a side thereof opposite a backing block 538. The backing block 538 may be formed from a material of suitable stiffness to provide sufficient compression of the optical medium 535 between the piezoelectric transducer 536 and the backing block such that the strain effect changes the polarization of the light passing through the medium. By way of example, the backing block 538 may comprise SiC or AlN, although other suitable materials may also be used.

In the example of FIG. 18, the piezoelectric transducer 536 is not actuated by the beam polarization controller 537 (i.e., it is turned off). As such, the optical polarization state (a vertical polarization state in the present example) of the first order diffracted beam from the AOM 532 is accordingly unaffected in a static state as the light passes through the medium 535. However, when the beam polarization controller 537 actuates the piezoelectric transducer 536 (i.e., it is turned on), the compression induced by the piezoelectric transducer rotates the optical polarization, namely to a horizontal polarization in the example of FIG. 17 (and thus a 90° difference from the off state). In the present example, the medium 535 comprises fused silica, although other optical materials may be used in different embodiments as noted above.

Turning to FIG. 20, in accordance with another embodiment, a pair of piezoelectric transducers 536 a′, 536 b′ may be coupled to opposing sides of an optical medium 535′. In the illustrated example, the top piezoelectric transducer 536 a′ is coupled to the top of the optical medium 535′, and the bottom piezoelectric transducer 536 b′ is coupled to the bottom of the optical medium and is aligned with the top piezoelectric transducer. In this configuration, both the top and bottom surfaces of the medium 535′ are coated with a conductive material (e.g., Au). Furthermore, wire bond points 540′ on the conductive surfaces of the medium 535′ and the transducers 536 a′, 536 b′ allow for connection to the beam polarization controller (not shown in FIG. 20). Field orientation does not matter as long as the field is applied in the same direction after the piezoelectric material has been polled.

Conductive bonds 541′ also extend along sidewall portions of the transducers. By way of example, the bonds 541′ may include indium or other suitable metals. In one example implementation, the medium 535′ may have a length in a range of 2 to 2.5 cm, and more particularly about 2.2 cm, and a width of about 1200 μm, although other dimensions may be used in different embodiments. Various thicknesses of piezoelectric materials may also be used for the transducers 536 a′, 536 b′, e.g., in a range of 50 to 250 μm, and more particularly about 60 μm, although other suitable shapes and dimensions of materials may be used in different embodiments.

As noted above, multiple light beams may be transmitted through a single medium 535 and have their polarization switched as a group, or individual mediums may be used for different light beams to provide for individual beam polarization switching. Referring to FIG. 21, an example implementation with four mediums 535 and respective piezoelectric transducers 536, (and backing blocks 538) is shown, in which the beam polarization controller 537 is configured to individually actuate each of the transducers as desired. While four optical medium/transducer pairs are shown in FIG. 21, it should be noted that any number may be used in different embodiments (e.g., arrays of 32, 64, or more).

Moreover, in some embodiments an optical medium/transducer pair may be utilized between the laser source 531 and the AOM 532 to change the polarization of the initial laser beam before modulation by the AOM. Similarly, beam polarization control may also be implemented to the backside or second side illumination beams, such as in the configurations shown in FIGS. 2, 14 and 15. Moreover, the other configurations and features shown in FIGS. 1-16 and described above (e.g., beam stabilization, etc.) may optionally be used in conjunction with the piezoelectric beam polarization features described with reference to FIGS. 17-21 as well, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

A related method may include modulating at least one laser light beam from a laser source 531 using an AOM 532. The method may further include controlling a beam polarization of the at least one laser light beam by selectively actuating at least one piezoelectric transducer 536 as described further above.

Accordingly, the system 530 advantageously provides an electro-mechanical approach for optical polarization state switching that is particularly beneficial for applications such as quantum state manipulation. Again, the polarization optical state switching is accomplished by inducing cross polarization strain in an optical medium with electro-mechanical strain compression. These optical beams may accordingly be used to illuminate ions or neutral atoms for single and multi-Qbit operations, such as for quantum computing or other related applications.

Turning to FIG. 22, another advantageous optical assembly 542″ which may be coupled between the AOM 532 and atom trap 539 (see FIG. 17) is now described. In the illustrated example, the optical assembly 542″ includes an optical body 535″ having a plurality of spaced apart optical signal channels 543″ etched therein. More particularly, the optical signal channels 543″ are defined by etching grooves or slits 544″ therebetween, as will be discussed further below. The optical assembly 542″ further illustratively includes one or more piezoelectric transducers 536″ coupled to the optical signal channels 543″. In the illustrated example, a single piezoelectric transducer 536″ with respective conductive bonds 541″ coupled to all of the optical signal channels 543″ is used, but in other embodiments respective piezoelectric transducers may be coupled to each of the optical signal channels (similar to the configuration shown in FIG. 21). As discussed further above, a beam polarization controller (not shown in FIG. 22) is coupled to the piezoelectric transducer 536″.

In the illustrated example, the optical assembly 542″ further includes a backing block 539″ in contact with the optical body 535″ on a side thereof opposite the piezoelectric transducer 536″, as discussed above with reference to FIGS. 18-19. However, the backing block 538″ need not be used in all embodiments (such as the dual transducer embodiment shown in FIG. 20). Here again, the backing block 538″ may comprise at least one of SiC and AlN, for example. As also noted above, example materials for the optical body 535″ include fused silica, quartz, etc.

Referring additionally to the flow diagram 600 of FIG. 23, beginning at Block 601, a related method may include coupling an AOM 532 to a laser source 531, at Block 602, forming the optical body 535″ (Block 603), and coupling the optical body between the AOM and an atom trap 539, at Block 604. The method further illustratively includes coupling a piezoelectric transducer(s) 536″ to each of the optical signal channels 543″, and coupling a beam polarization controller 537 to the piezoelectric transducer(s), at Block 605. The method of FIG. 23 illustratively concludes at Block 606.

Referring additionally to FIGS. 24-25, the optical signal channels 543″ may be formed using a process such as Selective Laser Etching (SLE) or Femtosecond Laser Irradiation and Chemical Etching (FLICE). An example SLE/FLICE process is illustrated in FIG. 24, in which femtosecond laser pulses (e.g., from a femtosecond pulsed 1030 nm IR laser) are directed by a mirror 610 through a microscope objective(s) 611 to focus the laser pulses at the desired locations on a substrate 635 (e.g., an optical body of fused silica or quartz). A work stage 613 allows for precision movements along X, Y, and X axes responsive to 3D computer aided design (CAD) renderings to precisely define the desired optical signal channel 543″ geometries, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

Scanning the laser in glass (or quartz) modifies the glass, and then the exposed sections are etched away in a highly selective etching bath 614. In the illustrated example, the etching bath is 20% HF, although other etch chemistries may be used in different embodiments. An advantage of this process is that the laser is able to scan below the surface of the substrate 635 to define buried channels therein, if desired, as seen in FIG. 24. A microscopic view of an optical body 535″ and associated optical signal channels 543″ created using this process is shown in FIG. 25.

Many modifications and other embodiments will come to the mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. 

That which is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a laser source; an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) coupled to the laser source; an atom trap; an optical body coupled between the AOM and the atom trap and having a plurality of spaced apart optical signal channels etched therein; at least one piezoelectric transducer coupled to each of the optical signal channels; and a beam polarization controller coupled to the piezoelectric transducers.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the optical signal channels are buried within the optical medium.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the optical body comprises at least one of fused silica and quartz.
 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the AOM comprises: a first beamsplitter to split a first laser light beam from the laser source into a plurality of second laser light beams for the atom trap; a common acousto-optic medium configured to receive the plurality of second laser light beams; and a respective plurality of electrodes coupled to the common acousto-optic medium for each of the second laser light beams.
 5. The system of claim 4 further comprising a plurality of radio frequency (RF) drivers each configured to generate respective RF drive signals for each of the plurality of electrodes.
 6. The system of claim 4 wherein the second laser light beams are directed to a first side of the atom trap, and further comprising an intermediate beam splitter between the laser source and the multi-channel AOM configured to split a third laser light beam from the first laser light beam directed to a second side of the atom trap.
 7. The system of claim 1 further comprising a backing block in contact with the optical body on a side thereof opposite the at least one piezoelectric transducer.
 8. The system of claim 7 wherein the backing block comprises at least one of SiC and AlN.
 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the system defines a quantum computer.
 10. An optical assembly for use with an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and comprising: an optical body coupled to an output of the AOM and having a plurality of spaced apart optical signal channels etched therein; and at least one piezoelectric transducer coupled to each of the optical signal channels.
 11. The optical assembly of claim 10 wherein the optical signal channels are buried within the optical medium.
 12. The optical assembly of claim 10 wherein the optical body comprises at least one of fused silica and quartz.
 13. The optical assembly of claim 10 further comprising a backing block in contact with the optical body on a side thereof opposite the at least one piezoelectric transducer.
 14. The optical assembly of claim 13 wherein the backing block comprises at least one of SiC and AlN.
 15. A method comprising: coupling an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) to a laser source; coupling an optical body between the AOM and an atom trap, the optical body having a plurality of spaced apart optical signal channels etched therein; coupling at least one piezoelectric transducer to each of the optical signal channels; and coupling a beam polarization controller to the piezoelectric transducers.
 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising forming the optical signal channels in the optical body using Selective Laser Etching (SLE).
 17. The method of claim 15 further comprising forming the optical signal channels in the optical body using Femtosecond Laser Irradiation and Chemical Etching (FLICE).
 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the optical signal channels are buried within the optical medium.
 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the optical body comprises at least one of fused silica and quartz.
 20. The method of claim 15 wherein the AOM comprises: a first beamsplitter to split a first laser light beam from the laser source into a plurality of second laser light beams for the atom trap; a common acousto-optic medium configured to receive the plurality of second laser light beams; and a respective plurality of electrodes coupled to the common acousto-optic medium for each of the second laser light beams.
 21. The method of claim 20 further comprising a plurality of radio frequency (RF) drivers each configured to generate respective RF drive signals for each of the plurality of electrodes.
 22. The method of claim 20 wherein the second laser light beams are directed to a first side of the atom trap, and further comprising an intermediate beam splitter between the laser source and the multi-channel AOM configured to split a third laser light beam from the first laser light beam directed to a second side of the atom trap.
 23. The method of claim 15 further comprising positioning a backing block in contact with the optical body on a side thereof opposite the at least one piezoelectric transducer.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the backing block comprises at least one of SiC and AlN. 